Festival Surya, Shani
Tusu Parab · Makar
The day the Sun enters Makara and begins the northward half of the year, and the one major Indian festival fixed by the Sun rather than the Moon.
Tusu Parab · Makar 2027 falls on Friday, 15 January, computed for Chennai.
Latitude, longitude and time zone 13.08, 80.27
Asia/Kolkata · UTC+5:30
The date of a festival depends on the place.
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A tithi that ends at dusk in Chennai can still be running at dusk a thousand kilometres west, which moves the day. Sunrise and sunset here are computed for the place above.
When it falls next
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh calendar, computed for Chennai
- Friday, 15 January 2027
- Saturday, 15 January 2028
- Sunday, 14 January 2029
Where Tusu Parab · Makar falls on the solar year, and how far the date moves between occurrences.
- 2027: 15 Jan
- 2028: 15 Jan, the same day of the year
- 2029: 14 Jan, 1 day earlier
The dates, year by year
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh calendar, computed for Chennai
What the day is
The day the Sun enters Makara and begins the northward half of the year, and the one major Indian festival fixed by the Sun rather than the Moon. Til and gur are eaten and given away, a bath in a river is taken at dawn, and Gujarat covers the sky with kites; the Ganga Sagar mela in Bengal and the Magh Mela bathing at Prayagraj fall on it.
- Deity
- Surya, Shani
- Kind
- Festival Days of celebration: the house is decorated, a feast is cooked and the temple is visited.
Significance
Uttarayana, the Sun's northward half of the year, is the day of the gods, and the Mahabharata has Bhishma lying on his bed of arrows until it began before he would let himself die, so dying in it and beginning things in it have been held auspicious ever since. Makara is the sign of Shani, and the story told over the til is that Surya went to his son's house on this day and put their old quarrel aside; sesame is Shani's grain, and giving it away with gur is a wish that bitterness end in sweetness. The sidereal Sun now reaches Makara more than three weeks after the winter solstice, so the turn is kept by the zodiac of the almanac rather than by the sky, and the date drifts a day later every seventy years or so. For the farmer of the north it falls between the sowing and the cutting of the rabi crop, and for the south and the east it is the harvest itself, which is why one day wears so many names. Eastern Jharkhand and the Purulia border keep this sankranti as Tusu Parab. A Tusu, a decorated frame or a clay figure of a girl, is made at the start of Pausha and kept in the house, and the Tusu songs are sung to her in Kurmali and Khortha every evening of the month, songs that are almost all in a woman’s voice and almost all about leaving a house. On the Makar morning she is carried in procession to the river and set in the water, and the melas along the Subarnarekha and the Kangsabati run for days round the carrying. The Kurmi, Mahato, Bhumij and Santhal of those villages keep it together, Hindu households and Adivasi ones in the same street.
How it is kept
The puja as a household does it, in order. Tick each step as it is done.
Tusu Parab · Makar: how it is kept
Keep ready
- a copper lota
- red flowers and akshat
- white and black til
- gur
- til oil and a lamp
- raw rice and urad dal for the daan
- ghee
- a blanket or warm clothes to give away
- til-gur laddoo
- kites and cotton manja, where the house flies them
- small clay pots, the sugad, for the haldi-kunku in Maharashtra
The steps
0 of 9 done
What is cooked
Uttar Pradesh cooks khichdi of new rice and urad dal with ghee, papad, pickle and curd, and gives the same khichdi raw; Bihar eats dahi-chura with gur and tilkut in the morning and khichdi at night; Gujarat eats undhiyu with puri and jalebi on the terraces, with til and peanut chikki; Rajasthan makes til patti and gajak; Maharashtra rolls tilgul laddoo and makes tilgul poli with ghee; Kumaon fries ghughute, little sweet shapes the children string into garlands to feed the crows the next morning. The Punjab eats the rau di kheer of the night before, Bengal its pithe, Assam its pitha and laru, and Nepal chaku, ghee and yam.
The hour
Clock times for Friday, 15 January 2027 at Chennai
The day the Sun enters Makara when the ingress is before sunset, otherwise the next day; the bath and the daan are at dawn.
The main rite. The punya kala, the hours after the Sun enters Makara, is the time for the bath and the daan, so the rite is kept on the morning of the ingress day when the Sun enters before sunset, and on the next morning when it enters after. The almanac also names a shorter maha punya kala nearest the ingress for those who want the most exact hour.
| Instant | Time | What it is |
|---|---|---|
| Sunset | 18:01 | the moment the sun goes down |
| Pradosha kala | 18:01 to 20:25 | the 2 h 24 min after sunset, the evening worship hour |
Sunrise 06:35, sunset 18:01, UTC+5.5. These are the instants the rule is read at, not the temple's own puja times, which every temple prints for itself.
The day itself
| What | When | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Tithi | Shukla Saptami from previous day 13:59 until 14:14 | then Shukla Ashtami until next day 13:44 |
| Nakshatra | Revati until 23:51 | then Ashwini until next day 23:39 |
| Rahu kaal | 10:52 to 12:18 (1 h 26 min) | the eighth of the daylight left alone for a beginning |
| Yamaganda | 15:10 to 16:36 (1 h 26 min) | the eighth ruled by Yama, also avoided |
| Gulika | 08:01 to 09:27 (1 h 26 min) | the eighth of Saturn’s son; what is done in it is said to repeat |
| Abhijit | 11:55 to 12:41 (0 h 46 min) | the midday muhurta, good for most things |
| Moonrise | 11:19 | moonset next day 00:05 |
| Sankramana | previous day 21:10 | the instant the sidereal Sun enters the sign, for this place’s clock |
| Punya kala | 06:35 to 12:59 | the ingress fell in the night, so the 16 ghatis are kept from this sunrise; almanacs narrow it by sign |
For Friday, 15 January 2027 at Chennai. A time marked "previous day" or "next day" is on the clock of that day.
The fast
No fast. Til-gur laddu, khichdi and sesame sweets are the food; khichdi, blankets and sesame are the customary gifts.
What is avoided
Do not let the sankranti morning pass in sleep: the bath and the daan belong to its first hours, and in homes that keep the rule nothing is eaten before them. Fly kites only with cotton thread, never the glass-coated or nylon manja that kills birds and cuts riders on the road, and stop at dusk when the birds come home. On a day kept for sweet speech, no harsh word and no quarrel.
The name
The same day, in every language that has a word for it
Where the regions differ
Uttarayan in Gujarat, Maghi in the Punjab, Khichdi in Uttar Pradesh, Magh Bihu in Assam, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Sankranthi in the Telugu country and Makaravilakku at Sabarimala. Its civil date barely moves: 14 or 15 January. Eastern Jharkhand and the Purulia border keep the same sankranti as Tusu Parab: a Tusu, a decorated frame or a clay figure of a girl, is made at the start of Pausha and kept in the house, the Tusu songs are sung to her in Kurmali and Khortha every evening of the month, and on this morning she is carried in procession to the river and set in the water. The Kurmi, Mahato, Bhumij and Santhal of those villages keep it together, Hindu households and Adivasi ones in the same street, and the melas along the Subarnarekha and the Kangsabati run for days round the carrying.
In other regions
- Tamil Nadu
- Tamil Nadu keeps the same ingress as Thai Pongal, the pot boiled over for the Sun on Thai 1, with Bhogi before and Mattu Pongal after.
- Kerala
- Kerala marks the ingress as Makaram 1, the evening of the Makaravilakku at Sabarimala, when the jyothi is seen on the hill.
- Telugu
- Andhra and Telangana keep it as Sankranti, the Pedda Panduga of three days, with the muggulu, the gobbemmalu and the daughters home.
- Kannada
- Karnataka keeps Sankranti with ellu-bella, the mix of sesame, jaggery, coconut and groundnut exchanged between houses, and in the villages of Mandya and Mysuru the cattle are made to leap over a fire of straw, the kichchu haayisuvudu.
- North India
- The Hindi belt keeps it as Khichdi or Sakraat: pilgrims bathe at the Sangam at the opening of the Magh Mela, the Gorakhnath temple at Gorakhpur receives khichdi from lakhs, Bihar eats dahi-chura and tilkut, Gujarat and Jaipur spend Uttarayan on the roofs with kites and Gujarat plays on through the Vasi Uttarayan next day, Himachal keeps Magha Saaji and Kumaon keeps Ghughutiya.
- Maharashtra
- Maharashtra keeps Makar Sankrant between Bhogi and Kinkrant: tilgul goes from hand to hand, women wear black, the one festival of the year for it, and the haldi-kunku with the vaan runs from here to Rathasaptami; a child's first Sankrant brings the bornahan and a bride's first brings halwyache dagine, jewellery of sugar-coated sesame.
- Bengal
- Bengal keeps it as Poush Sankranti, the day of the pithe and of the Gangasagar mela.
- Punjab
- The Punjab keeps the day as Maghi, the morning after the Lohri fire, with the dip at Sri Muktsar Sahib and the kheer of sugar cane juice.
- Assam
- Assam keeps Magh Bihu a day later, after the Uruka feast of the night before, with the meji burnt at dawn.
- Sri Lanka
- Sri Lanka's Tamils keep the same day as Thai Pongal, a public holiday across the island.
- Nepal
- Nepal keeps Maghe Sankranti with chaku, ghee, til laddoo and yam, and the bath at Devghat.
- Gujarat
- Gujarat keeps it as Uttarayan and spends it on the roofs: the sky over Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat fills with kites from dawn, til-gor ladu and undhiyu are eaten, and the kites go up again on Vasi Uttarayan the next day.
- Odisha
- Odisha offers the makara chaula, new rice mixed uncooked with coconut, banana, jaggery and chhena, and holds its melas at Konark, Dhabaleswar and the Kalijai island in Chilika.
- Tulu Nadu
- Tulu Nadu keeps it as Ponni 1, the first sunrise after the ingress, so it falls the day after the Pongal of Tamil Nadu whenever the ingress is before sunset.
- Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh (the dates above)
- East Singhbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan, Bokaro and Dhanbad keep it as Tusu Parab and the Purulia side of the border keeps the same day and the same songs; the makar snan is taken in the Subarnarekha and the pitha is made the night before.
The dates above are the Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh reckoning, because that is the calendar this key belongs to. Switch the tradition on the calendar page to see how another one dates the same day.
Greeting
What is said to family and friends on the day
मकर संक्रांति की शुभकामनाएँMakar Sankranti ki shubhkamnayein
Where this day is kept
Nearest first from Chennai, with what is recorded about each.
- Bakreshwar Temple and hot springs 1,415 kmBirbhum, West Bengal
The gazetteer line for this temple names the day. Maha Sivaratri and Makar Sankranti are its days.
- Kankalitala Shakti Peetha 1,419 kmBirbhum, West Bengal
The gazetteer line for this temple names the day. Kali Puja and the Makar Sankranti mela are its days.
- Gorakhnath Temple, Gorakhpur 1,555 kmUttar Pradesh
The gazetteer line for this temple names the day. Makar Sankranti and the Khichdi Mela are its days.
1 more temple in this gazetteer is recorded for the day. Find temples near you.
Your family's own temple comes first, and its calendar is the one that decides.
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A temple is listed here only where the gazetteer's own line names this day, or where this day's own entry names the town, or where the day belongs to the ancestors or the nagas and the temple is recorded for that rite. Where neither table says anything, nothing is listed as kept for the day; where fewer than three are, the nearest temples of the day's own gods are added under a heading of their own.
Mantras
The prayers said with the day. Each opens with its words and meaning.
Every date here is computed from the Sun and Moon for the place entered, by the rule printed beside it.
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A printed panchangam can differ by a day where an almanac reads a tithi at a different instant, and a family's own custom always comes first. Where the practice genuinely varies, the text says so rather than choosing for you.